diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 65053fa..c683626 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 
-include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
+include $(BTREE)/Make.inc	#définir dans Make.inc une variable sophia, et prévoir F95FLAGS ad hoc pour compil et modules
 
 
+ifdef SOPHIA
+objects = fvnlib_sophia.o
+else
 objects = fvnlib.o
+endif
+modobjects = $(objects)
+
 library = libfvn$(libext)
 
 all: sub $(library)
@@ -12,10 +18,27 @@ sub:
 		( cd fvn_linear && make && make install )
 		( cd fvn_integ && make && make install )
 		( cd fvn_interpol && make && make install )
+ifndef SOPHIA
 		( cd fvn_sparse && make && make install )
+endif
 		( cd fvn_fnlib && make && make install )
 		( cd fvn_misc && make && make install )
 
+submodules:
+#builds only modules local to fvn: go to sub-project, build sub-project modules, transfer them back here
+#if sub-project depend on another, it is built after, and its proper make searches modules here, not in the install tree
+		( cd fvn_common && make modules && mv *.mod .. )
+		( cd fvn_linear && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+		( cd fvn_integ && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+		( cd fvn_interpol && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+ifndef SOPHIA
+		( cd fvn_sparse && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+endif
+		( cd fvn_fnlib && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+		( cd fvn_misc && make modules F95FLAGS="$(F95FLAGS) -M.." && mv *.mod .. )
+
+modules: submodules $(modobjects)
+		rm -f $(modobjects)
 
 clean:
 		rm -f {*.o,*.oo,*.ipo,*.a,*.mod}
@@ -34,7 +57,8 @@ install:
 %.o: %.f90
 		$(F95) $(F95FLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
-$(objects):fvnlib.f90
+# cette ligne est elle utile et nécessaire?
+#$(objects):fvnlib.f90
 
 $(library): $(objects) sub
 		$(AR) rcu $@ $(objects)
diff --git a/fvn_common/Makefile b/fvn_common/Makefile
index 24aa203..0917568 100644
--- a/fvn_common/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_common/Makefile
@@ -5,8 +5,13 @@ library = libfvn_common$(libext)
 
 objects = fvn_common.o d1mach.o r1mach.o
 
+modobjects = fvn_common.o
+
 lib:$(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 install:
 		cp fvn_common.mod $(BTREE)/modules
 
@@ -19,8 +24,3 @@ clean:
 %.o: %.f
 		$(F95) $(F95FLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/fvn_fnlib/Makefile b/fvn_fnlib/Makefile
index 6228e71..d126e5d 100644
--- a/fvn_fnlib/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_fnlib/Makefile
@@ -63,8 +63,13 @@ zsinh.o ztanh.o ztan.o besyn.o \
 besjn.o dbesyn.o dbesjn.o beskn.o \
 besin.o dbeskn.o dbesin.o
 
+modobjects = fvn_fnlib.o
+
 lib:$(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 install:
 		cp fvn_fnlib.mod $(BTREE)/modules
 
diff --git a/fvn_integ/Makefile b/fvn_integ/Makefile
index eb1c9c8..5e079b1 100644
--- a/fvn_integ/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_integ/Makefile
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
 
 objects = fvn_integ.o
+modobjects = fvn_integ.o
 
 all: $(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 clean:
 		rm -f {*.o,*.oo,*.ipo,*.a,*.mod}
 
diff --git a/fvn_interpol/Makefile b/fvn_interpol/Makefile
index 96946a1..dd79c3e 100644
--- a/fvn_interpol/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_interpol/Makefile
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
 
 objects = fvn_interpol.o
+modobjects = fvn_interpol.o
 
 lib:$(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 install:
 		cp fvn_interpol.mod $(BTREE)/modules
 
diff --git a/fvn_linear/Makefile b/fvn_linear/Makefile
index 1307bb9..bbf5d5a 100644
--- a/fvn_linear/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_linear/Makefile
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
 
 objects = fvn_linear.o
+modobjects = fvn_linear.o
 
 lib:$(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 install:
 		cp fvn_linear.mod $(BTREE)/modules
 
diff --git a/fvn_misc/Makefile b/fvn_misc/Makefile
index d262d00..5d572e3 100644
--- a/fvn_misc/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_misc/Makefile
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
 
 objects = fvn_misc.o
+modobjects = fvn_misc.o
 
 lib:$(objects)
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 install:
 		cp fvn_misc.mod $(BTREE)/modules
 
diff --git a/fvn_sparse/Makefile b/fvn_sparse/Makefile
index a6f0294..f7e7e38 100644
--- a/fvn_sparse/Makefile
+++ b/fvn_sparse/Makefile
@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@
 include $(BTREE)/Make.inc
 
 objects = fvn_sparse.o umfpack_wrapper.o
+modobjects = fvn_sparse.o
 
 all: suitesparse $(objects)
 
 suitesparse:
 		( cd UMFPACK && make ) 
 
+modules: $(modobjects)
+	rm -f $(modobjects)
+
 clean:
 		( cd AMD && make clean )
 		( cd UMFPACK && make clean )